Context within Current Scholarship on Same-Sex Love in Antiquity -- This Study within the Context of Ancient Mediterranean Women's History -- This Study within the Context of Lesbian History -- Female Homoeroticism in the Roman World: The Cultural Context of Early Christianity -- Introduction: Of Sappho, Woman-Woman Marriage, and the Ways of the Egyptians -- Sappho of Lesbos -- Classical and Hellenistic Greek Literature -- Classical Latin Literature -- Greek Authors of the Roman Period -- Artistic Representations -- Postbiblical Judaism -- "Inflame Her Liver with Love": Greek Erotic Spells from Egypt -- The Female Homoerotic Binding Spells: Texts and Commentary -- Interpreting Cultural Ideology -- Reconstructing Women's History -- The Erotic Spells, Magic, and Religion -- The Spells and Early Christianity -- Predetermined Erotic Orientations: Astrological Texts -- Dorotheos of Sidon -- Manetho -- Ptolemy -- Vettius Valens -- Hermes Trismegistos -- Firmicus Maternus -- Hephaistion of Thebes -- Women with Masculine Desires: Medical Treatments -- Tribades as Mentally Ill -- Clitoridectomy for Women with Masculine Desires -- The Medical Heritage of Female Homoeroticism -- Unnatural Love: Classifying Dreams -- Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism -- Introduction: Of British Schoolteachers and Romans -- Paul's Letter to the Romans: Interpretive Frameworks and Female Homoeroticism -- Literary Approaches to Romans -- Interpretive Frameworks for Romans 1:18-32 -- Romans 1:18-32: A Commentary -- Commentary on Romans 1:16-32.